A.Study this example conversation:
DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, jane?
JANE: Yes, I've been to lots of places.
DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China?
JANE: Yes, I've been to China twice.
DAVE: What about India?
JANE: No, I haven't been to India.
When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present
perfect (have been I have traveled etc.). Here, Dave and jane are talking about the places jane
has visited in her life, which is a period that continues until now.
Some more examples:
¡ Have you ever eaten caviar?
¡ We've never had a car.
¡ 'Have you read Hamlet?' I No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.'
¡ Susan really loves that film. She's seen it eight times!
¡ What a boring film! lt's the most boring film I've ever seen.
Been (to)= visited:
¡ I've never been to China. Have you been there?
B.In the following examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now
(recently I in the Last few days / so far / since breakfast etc.):
¡ Have you heard anything from Brian recently?
¡ Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems
so far.
¡ I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.
(=from breakfast until now)
¡ It's good to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a Long time.
C. In the same way we use the present perfect with today / this evening / this year etc. when these
periods are not finished at the time of speaking (see also Unit 14B):
¡ I've drunk four cups of coffee today.
¡ I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you?
¡ Rob hasn't worked very hard this term.
D.We say: It's the (first) time something has happened. For example:
¡ Don is having a driving lesson. It's his first one.
It's the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)
or He has never driven a car before.
¡ Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second
time this has happened. (not happens)
¡ Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third
time he's phoned her this evening.
About 
0 comments: